AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the validity, reliability and factor structure of the "How I Think" questionnaire to assess cognitive distortions in Iranian students. The present research design is descriptive and psychometric studies. The statistical population of this study included all male high school students in city Dezful in the academic year 1399-1400, from which 316 students were selected by multi-stage random sampling and completed the How I think and Bass and Perry Aggression Questionnaires (for Convergent validity). Factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha and Pearson correlation were used to analyze the data using SPSS and AMOS 20 software. The results of factor analysis showed that the questionnaire consists of six factors and has good fit indices. The convergent validity of this questionnaire indicated a satisfactory correlation between the dimensions of the scale "How I think" with the Aggression Questionnaire (p <0.01). Cronbach's alpha and Split- half coefficients for the whole scale and its dimensions ranged from 0.66 to 0.92.The conclusion is that the Persian version of the "How do I think" questionnaire for measuring cognitive distortions in Iranian students has acceptable psychometric properties and can be used as a valid tool in research, educational and clinical situations.

Background: Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a common cause of significant clinical morbidity. The Japanese Orthopedic Association Cervical Myelopathy Evaluation Questionnaire (JOACMEQ) is a MEASURE of health-related quality of life in these patients.Objectives: This study aimed to cross-culturally translate and validate the JOACMEQ in Iran.Patients and Methods: This study was a prospective clinical validation one. Forward-backward procedure was applied to translate the questionnaire from English into Persian. The translation and cross-cultural adaptation were performed in accordance with the published guidelines. A sample of patients with CSM was asked to respond to the questionnaire at two times: providing preoperative and postoperative assessments (6 months follow-up). To test the reliability, the internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach α coefficient and the validity was assessed by convergent validity. Responsiveness to change was also assessed comparing patients’ preoperative and postoperative scores.Results: All 87 patients completed the questionnaire. The Cronbach α coefficient for the JOACMEQ at preoperative and postoperative assessments ranged from 0.71 to 0.82 indicating a good internal consistency for the questionnaire. In addition, the correlation of each item with its hypothesized subscale of the JOACMEQ showed satisfactory results suggesting that the items had a substantial association with their own subscales. Further analysis also indicated that the questionnaire was responsive to change (P<0.001).Conclusions: In general, the findings suggest that the Persian version of the JOACMEQ is a reliable and valid MEASURE of functionality and quality of life evaluation among Iranian patients suffered from CSM.

Background and Objectives: This research study was conducted to determine the correlation between the clinicopathologic features and the OUTCOME of membranous nephropathy. Materials and Methods: Data were retrospectively reviewed from all patients with a diagnosis of membranous nephropathy. Demographic, initial laboratory, and clinical findings were collected and the biopsy specimens were reviewed to classify them. To compare means, frequency, and to find correlation, student t-test, non-parametric x2 and Kendall-tau statistical tests were used respectively. A p value less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: It was found out that during the years 1972-1996, 72 out of 2118 kidney biopsies had been diagnosed as membranous nephropathy. In this respect, male/female ratio was 2:1 (with a range of 1.5-14 years). Meanwhile, 45 out of 72 cases were idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN). Furthermore, 27 out of 72 had a secondary cause of the disease due to systemic lupus erythematosus (11 cases) and HBsAg positive (12 patients). The most common features in both groups were nephrotic syndrome and hematuria. In idiopathic and in chronic renal failure groups, remission occurred in 20.9% and 20.9 % of the cases respectively during an averaged  2.13 years of follow up. The statistical test Kendall-tau was used to determine the correlation between initial findings and OUTCOME in IMN. In this regard, a significant direct correlation was found between progression to renal failure and proteinuria (p=0.009) and/or age (p=0.01) at the time of admission. For secondary membranous nephropathy, the OUTCOMEs were variable depending on the etiology. Conclusion: Proteinuria, age, and underlying etiology are the most important factors determining the renal OUTCOME in membranous nephropathy.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was translation, cross cultural adaptation and face validity evaluation of the Persian version of Patient-Reported OUTCOME MEASURE for Urethral Stricture Surgery (USS-PROM) Questionnaire. Materials and Methods: This study was assessed: translation, translation quality, reverse translation and comparison of the English version, content validity, internal consistency and stability. Content validity presents by index of content validity (CVI) and the content validity ratio (CVR). Internal consistency reliability was tested by Cronbach’ s α , and test-retest reliability was evaluated by Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) assessed by Guttman two way mixed absolute agreements. Result: Forty males with history of urethroplasty and mean age of 41. 4 ± 9. 08 (range of 19 to 52) years old were enrolled. In the case of mean scores of difficulty from the 16 translated items, 80% had easy translation. In terms of translation quality, 92% were the satisfactorily clear. In terms of similar concept, 92% were satisfactory. The overall quality of the translation was satisfactory at 88%. The translated questionnaire has a good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha as 0. 84). CVI and the CVR, test-retest ICC evaluation were appropriate/acceptable in all questions. The questionnaire ICC was. 791(CI 95%, . 678-. 876). Two main different aspects of the questionnaire consisted of urinary symptoms (question 1-10) and Quality of life (question 11-15). Cronbach's alpha were. 800 and. 671 respectively. Conclusion: The Persian version of the questionnaire has acceptable cultural adaptation and face validity. Further studies should be done using this translated tool to determine its applicability in the urethroplasty patients.

Background: Participation is mostly cultural and familial based, and there is not any assessment scales for evaluating kids’ participation in Iranian context, therefore the purpose of this study was developing children’ s participation assessment scale for Iranian children. Methods: Development of this scale occurred in two phases; phase I: planning: following reviewing the literature and adopting and compiling some items of available evaluation tools in the area (such as CAPE, CPQ, CLASS, Life-H) and receiving advice from two expert panels, the preliminary94-item questionnaire was prepared. Phase II: construct: the survey study was carried out on40 children and 21 of their parents to assess the popularity of the activity in Iran; thus, the items of the questionnaire reduced to 92 and after face and content validity, the final version prepared with 71 items. Results: The final 71-item questionnaire was developed in two parent-report and child-report versions. The 71 items based on the literature and expert panels’ advice were categorized in 8 areas of occupation according to Occupational Therapy Practice Framework (ADL, IADL, Play, leisure, social participation, education, work, and sleep/rest). Conclusion: Iranian children’ s participation assessment is a useful and culturally relevant tool to MEASURE participation of Iranian children. It can be used in rigorous clinical and population-based research.